Disabled women as well as those without disability have the right to receive reproductive health care services. Since women with mobility impairment face diverse obstacles in receiving reproductive health care, reviewing these services received by them is of grate importance.Determining the reproductive health care services received by women with mobility impairment during disability period, we conducted a descriptive study in which questionnaires were used to collect the data, and the investigation was done on 241 handicapped women, ranged in age from 15-49 and all, members of Iranian handicapped society.The results revealed that 2.9% of the sample group had received sexual counseling before and after marriage, and less than half of them had participated in the family planning care service with all elements (except weight measuring and first visit pelvic exam). All elements of prenatal care (except blood and urine tests) were done for less than 40% and for 35% of the participants prenatal recommendations (except nutrition and breast feeding) were considered, Furthermore, all periodical prenatal care (except dentist visit) were done for about 60% -75% of disabled women and those who had Pap smear tests, breast self exam instructions, and breast physical exam by health staff were respectively 14%, 4.6% and 6.2%, besides, mammography was done for nobody in the group of more than 40 years old.Overall, according to the results it is estimated that only a small percentage of women with mobility impairment received reproductive health care. Therefore, further studies to explore obstacles faced by disabled women are recommended. Also it is suggested that available necessary services for cited citizens to be provided.

Background: Fear of the stigma associated with reproductive health services has always been one of the reasons why youth and unmarried individuals avoid making use of such services. This stigma imposes a great deal of mental stress, fear, and depression on patients and causes delays in the diagnosis and treatment of their conditions.Objectives: This paper explores the concept of stigma in the context of the utilization of reproductive health services by unmarried women.Patients and Methods: This study is qualitative in nature. Purposive sampling was employed, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 unmarried women, five midwives, and two physicians. The data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method.Results: Four main categories constituted the general concept concerning the stigma suffered by unmarried women for using reproductive health services, i.e., prevalent stereotypical thinking patterns in society, the fear of being judged and labeled by others, discrimination, and feeling ashamed of seeking reproductive health services.Conclusions: The findings indicated that society associates reproductive health issues with sexual relations, which in turn shapes the stigma and places limitations on unmarried women for using reproductive health services. Thus, while reproductive health services are planned and provided to unmarried women, strategies are demanded for overcoming this stigma.

2Objective(s): Health tourism is a branch of the tourism industry that is of interest to many countries of the world due to its high demand and good income. Therefore, considering the importance of health tourism and the existing potential in Mazandaran province, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the factors affecting the development of the health tourism industry in Mazandaran province. Methods: The present study was conducted using a qualitative method with a content analysis approach. For this purpose, 17 health tourism industry experts and health tourists were selected using the purposeful sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The interviews were conducted until we reached a point of theoretical data saturation. Results: The findings showed that the health tourism industry in Mazandaran province is affected by structural, process and contextual factors. The structural factors included issues related to infrastructures, potentials/attractions, institutional factors, and expert human resources for health tourism destination. The process factor included issues related to drivers of health tourism, provision of health services and destination situational factors. The contextual-field factor included issues related to sociocultural contexts, potentials and attractiveness of tourism, and economic capacity. Conclusion: Despite the importance of services related to health tourism and considering the increasing demand of this industry, travelers who travel to Mazandaran province need a variety of services, and the need to pay attention to quality service development in tourism destinations is evident. Therefore, the provision of other essentials for health tourists such as infrastructure, destination attractions, financial capacities, sociocultural conditions, human resources, situational factors are  the requirements for the development of this industry.

Background and Objectives: Adolescence is the time of the transition from childhood to adulthood; but it is also a formative period of the life habits in which many of the lifestyles are learned and established. This study was done to explore the views and experiences of adolescent girls and adults in order to clarify characteristics of youth-friendly reproductive health services.Materials and Methods: This qualitative descriptive study was conducted during the period February-November 2012. Data were collected by carrying out focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with 247 adolescent girls and 14 key adults, including school counselors and health providers in Mashhad and Shahroud cities. All interviews and focus group discussions were recorded on two digital recorders and were transcribed. Routine content analysis, data coding and categorization were performed by MAXQDA10.Results: The characteristics of youth-friendly reproductive health services were classified in four categories: (1) personnel factors (2) physical and environmental factors of the services providers (3) management factors and (4) stimulus factors.Conclusion: According to the results of the study, establishing centers of reproductive health services for female adolescents of this age group can play an important role in preventing reproductive health problems them.

Background: Displaced women are affected by sexual and reproductive health (SRH) challenges, often exacerbated by poor living conditions, limited access to healthcare, and cultural norms. The aim of this study was to explore SRH issues, the effects of displacement into camps on women’s SRH, and challenges with accessing and utilizing SRH services among women in camps for the displaced in Benue State, Nigeria. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological approach was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of the women’s SRH challenges, based on 12 focus group discussions between women of different age groups and eight in-depth interviews. The data were collected using tape recorders and notes. Data analysis followed a thematic approach. Ethical approval and appropriate consent were obtained for the study. Results: The majority of research participants stated that sexually transmitted disease/human immunodeficiency virus was the most serious SRH issue in the camp. Their stay in camp enhanced the women’s vulnerability and exposed them to sex in exchange for basic needs/palliatives, increasing their SRH challenges. Access to and use of SRH services were impacted by their migratory lifestyle, cultural and religious views, lack of SRH knowledge, and other difficulties. Short-term approaches to intervention, health providers’ poor communication, and attitudes were reported to affect SRH service use. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for comprehensive interventions to address SRH challenges among women in displaced settings, including proper coordination of humanitarian services, education on transactional sex, encouragement of men to participate in SRH initiatives, and expansion of access to services, as well as the training and hiring of culturally competent healthcare providers.

Objective: The preconception health (PCH) strategy provides a unique opportunity to reduce risk factors for adverse reproductive outcomes before pregnancy. However, many reproductive-aged individuals continue to miss opportunities to improve their health before pregnancy occurs. This study, qualitatively explored strategies required for integrating PCH promotion interventions into routine reproductive health services from university students’,perspectives. Materials and methods: We conducted eight mixed-gender focus group discussions (FGDs) with students in eight schools and faculties in the University from March 2019 to June 2019. Audio-taped data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed manually using inductive content analysis. Results: Three major themes emerged from the analysis of transcripts: interpersonal behavior change strategies, institutional policy directives, public policy interventions, and three main categories with eight sub-categories. The study showed that PCH promotion awareness campaigns, context-relevant service delivery initiatives, institutional and public policy directives are critical approaches for the delivery and uptake of PCH interventions. Participants also recommended prepayment schemes, walk-in services, mobile PCH clinics, and PCH incorporation into university curricula as context-specific strategies for PCH promotion among university students. Conclusion: PCH promotion could be feasible as an integral component of routine reproductive health services for university students. However, multi-level interventions at the student, health service, and institutional levels are necessary to increase awareness and facilitate the request and delivery of PCH services.